diff --git a/Help/command/if.rst b/Help/command/if.rst
index a45b9951c..79e5d21c2 100644
--- a/Help/command/if.rst
+++ b/Help/command/if.rst
@@ -199,3 +199,9 @@ above-documented signature accepts ``<variable|string>``:
 * The left and right hand arguments to ``AND`` and ``OR`` are independently
   tested to see if they are boolean constants, if so they are used as
   such, otherwise they are assumed to be variables and are dereferenced.
+
+To prevent ambiguity, potential variable or keyword names can be
+specified in a :ref:`Quoted Argument` or a :ref:`Bracket Argument`.
+A quoted or bracketed variable or keyword will be interpreted as a
+string and not dereferenced or interpreted.
+See policy :policy:`CMP0054`.
diff --git a/Help/manual/cmake-policies.7.rst b/Help/manual/cmake-policies.7.rst
index 136cf5c78..f1717a08c 100644
--- a/Help/manual/cmake-policies.7.rst
+++ b/Help/manual/cmake-policies.7.rst
@@ -105,3 +105,4 @@ All Policies
    /policy/CMP0051
    /policy/CMP0052
    /policy/CMP0053
+   /policy/CMP0054
diff --git a/Help/policy/CMP0054.rst b/Help/policy/CMP0054.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dffee5e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Help/policy/CMP0054.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+CMP0054
+-------
+
+Only interpret :command:`if` arguments as variables or keywords when unquoted.
+
+CMake 3.1 and above no longer dereference variables or interpret keywords
+in an :command:`if` command argument when it is a :ref:`Quoted Argument`
+or a :ref:`Bracket Argument`.
+
+The ``OLD`` behavior for this policy is to dereference variables and
+interpret keywords even if they are quoted or bracketed.
+The ``NEW`` behavior is to not dereference variables or interpret keywords
+that have been quoted or bracketed.
+
+This policy was introduced in CMake version 3.1.
+CMake version |release| warns when the policy is not set and uses
+``OLD`` behavior.  Use the :command:`cmake_policy` command to set
+it to ``OLD`` or ``NEW`` explicitly.
diff --git a/Help/release/dev/if-sanity.rst b/Help/release/dev/if-sanity.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6645bc442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Help/release/dev/if-sanity.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+if-sanity
+---------
+
+* The :command:`if` command no longer automatically dereferences
+  variables named in quoted or bracket arguments.  See policy
+  :policy:`CMP0054`.
diff --git a/Source/cmBootstrapCommands2.cxx b/Source/cmBootstrapCommands2.cxx
index 91c189f71..5675295f5 100644
--- a/Source/cmBootstrapCommands2.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmBootstrapCommands2.cxx
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // like to have CMake to build CMake.
 #include "cmCommands.h"
 #include "cmConditionEvaluator.cxx"
+#include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.cxx"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpressionEvaluationFile.cxx"
 #include "cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx"
 #include "cmGetDirectoryPropertyCommand.cxx"
diff --git a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
index 869d3c5d8..aba26de10 100644
--- a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 
 cmConditionEvaluator::cmConditionEvaluator(cmMakefile& makefile):
   Makefile(makefile),
-  Policy12Status(makefile.GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0012))
+  Policy12Status(makefile.GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0012)),
+  Policy54Status(makefile.GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0054))
 {
 
 }
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ cmConditionEvaluator::cmConditionEvaluator(cmMakefile& makefile):
 // directly. AND OR take variables or the values 0 or 1.
 
 bool cmConditionEvaluator::IsTrue(
-  const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+  const std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> &args,
   std::string &errorString,
   cmake::MessageType &status)
 {
@@ -99,22 +100,93 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::IsTrue(
 }
 
 //=========================================================================
-const char* cmConditionEvaluator::GetVariableOrString(
-    const std::string& str) const
+const char* cmConditionEvaluator::GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument const& argument) const
 {
-  const char* def = this->Makefile.GetDefinition(str);
-
-  if(!def)
+  if((this->Policy54Status != cmPolicies::WARN &&
+     this->Policy54Status != cmPolicies::OLD) &&
+     argument.WasQuoted())
     {
-    def = str.c_str();
+    return 0;
+    }
+
+  const char* def = this->Makefile.GetDefinition(argument.GetValue());
+
+  if(def && argument.WasQuoted() && this->Policy54Status == cmPolicies::WARN)
+    {
+    bool hasBeenReported = this->Makefile.HasCMP0054AlreadyBeenReported(
+      this->Makefile.GetBacktrace()[0]);
+
+    if(!hasBeenReported)
+      {
+      cmOStringStream e;
+      e << (this->Makefile.GetPolicies()->GetPolicyWarning(
+        cmPolicies::CMP0054)) << "\n";
+      e << "Quoted variables like \"" << argument.GetValue() <<
+        "\" will no longer be dereferenced "
+        "when the policy is set to NEW.  "
+        "Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior will be used.";
+
+      this->Makefile.IssueMessage(cmake::AUTHOR_WARNING, e.str());
+      }
     }
 
   return def;
 }
 
+//=========================================================================
+const char* cmConditionEvaluator::GetVariableOrString(
+    const cmExpandedCommandArgument& argument) const
+{
+  const char* def = this->GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(argument);
+
+  if(!def)
+    {
+    def = argument.c_str();
+    }
+
+  return def;
+}
+
+//=========================================================================
+bool cmConditionEvaluator::IsKeyword(std::string const& keyword,
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument& argument) const
+{
+  if((this->Policy54Status != cmPolicies::WARN &&
+     this->Policy54Status != cmPolicies::OLD) &&
+     argument.WasQuoted())
+    {
+    return false;
+    }
+
+  bool isKeyword = argument.GetValue() == keyword;
+
+  if(isKeyword && argument.WasQuoted() &&
+    this->Policy54Status == cmPolicies::WARN)
+    {
+    bool hasBeenReported = this->Makefile.HasCMP0054AlreadyBeenReported(
+      this->Makefile.GetBacktrace()[0]);
+
+    if(!hasBeenReported)
+      {
+      cmOStringStream e;
+      e << (this->Makefile.GetPolicies()->GetPolicyWarning(
+        cmPolicies::CMP0054)) << "\n";
+      e << "Quoted keywords like \"" << argument.GetValue() <<
+        "\" will no longer be interpreted as keywords "
+        "when the policy is set to NEW.  "
+        "Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior will be used.";
+
+      this->Makefile.IssueMessage(cmake::AUTHOR_WARNING, e.str());
+      }
+    }
+
+  return isKeyword;
+}
+
 //=========================================================================
 bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValue(
-  std::string& arg) const
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument& arg) const
 {
   // Check basic constants.
   if (arg == "0")
@@ -149,14 +221,14 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValue(
     }
 
   // Check definition.
-  const char* def = this->Makefile.GetDefinition(arg);
+  const char* def = this->GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(arg);
   return !cmSystemTools::IsOff(def);
 }
 
 //=========================================================================
 // Boolean value behavior from CMake 2.6.4 and below.
 bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueOld(
-  std::string const& arg, bool one) const
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument const& arg, bool one) const
 {
   if(one)
     {
@@ -166,12 +238,15 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueOld(
     else if(arg == "1")
       { return true; }
     else
-      { return !cmSystemTools::IsOff(this->Makefile.GetDefinition(arg)); }
+      {
+      const char* def = this->GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(arg);
+      return !cmSystemTools::IsOff(def);
+      }
     }
   else
     {
     // Old GetVariableOrNumber behavior.
-    const char* def = this->Makefile.GetDefinition(arg);
+    const char* def = this->GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(arg);
     if(!def && atoi(arg.c_str()))
       {
       def = arg.c_str();
@@ -183,7 +258,7 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueOld(
 //=========================================================================
 // returns the resulting boolean value
 bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(
-  std::string &newArg,
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument &newArg,
   std::string &errorString,
   cmake::MessageType &status,
   bool oneArg) const
@@ -208,7 +283,7 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(
       case cmPolicies::WARN:
         {
         cmPolicies* policies = this->Makefile.GetPolicies();
-        errorString = "An argument named \"" + newArg
+        errorString = "An argument named \"" + newArg.GetValue()
           + "\" appears in a conditional statement.  "
           + policies->GetPolicyWarning(cmPolicies::CMP0012);
         status = cmake::AUTHOR_WARNING;
@@ -219,7 +294,7 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(
       case cmPolicies::REQUIRED_ALWAYS:
         {
         cmPolicies* policies = this->Makefile.GetPolicies();
-        errorString = "An argument named \"" + newArg
+        errorString = "An argument named \"" + newArg.GetValue()
           + "\" appears in a conditional statement.  "
           + policies->GetRequiredPolicyError(cmPolicies::CMP0012);
         status = cmake::FATAL_ERROR;
@@ -257,11 +332,11 @@ void cmConditionEvaluator::HandlePredicate(bool value, int &reducible,
 {
   if(value)
     {
-    *arg = "1";
+    *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("1", true);
     }
   else
     {
-    *arg = "0";
+    *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("0", true);
     }
   newArgs.erase(argP1);
   argP1 = arg;
@@ -279,11 +354,11 @@ void cmConditionEvaluator::HandleBinaryOp(bool value, int &reducible,
 {
   if(value)
     {
-    *arg = "1";
+    *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("1", true);
     }
   else
     {
-    *arg = "0";
+    *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("0", true);
     }
   newArgs.erase(argP2);
   newArgs.erase(argP1);
@@ -302,23 +377,23 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel0(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
   do
     {
     reducible = 0;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
+    cmArgumentList::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
     while (arg != newArgs.end())
       {
-      if (*arg == "(")
+      if (IsKeyword("(", *arg))
         {
         // search for the closing paren for this opening one
-        std::list<std::string>::iterator argClose;
+        cmArgumentList::iterator argClose;
         argClose = arg;
         argClose++;
         unsigned int depth = 1;
         while (argClose != newArgs.end() && depth)
           {
-          if (*argClose == "(")
+          if (this->IsKeyword("(", *argClose))
             {
               depth++;
             }
-          if (*argClose == ")")
+          if (this->IsKeyword(")", *argClose))
             {
               depth--;
             }
@@ -331,10 +406,10 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel0(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
           return false;
           }
         // store the reduced args in this vector
-        std::vector<std::string> newArgs2;
+        std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> newArgs2;
 
         // copy to the list structure
-        std::list<std::string>::iterator argP1 = arg;
+        cmArgumentList::iterator argP1 = arg;
         argP1++;
         for(; argP1 != argClose; argP1++)
           {
@@ -347,11 +422,11 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel0(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
           this->IsTrue(newArgs2, errorString, status);
         if(value)
           {
-          *arg = "1";
+          *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("1", true);
           }
         else
           {
-          *arg = "0";
+          *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("0", true);
           }
         argP1 = arg;
         argP1++;
@@ -374,77 +449,78 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel1(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
   do
     {
     reducible = 0;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP1;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP2;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP1;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP2;
     while (arg != newArgs.end())
       {
       argP1 = arg;
       this->IncrementArguments(newArgs,argP1,argP2);
       // does a file exist
-      if (*arg == "EXISTS" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("EXISTS", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          cmSystemTools::FileExists((argP1)->c_str()),
+          cmSystemTools::FileExists(argP1->c_str()),
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // does a directory with this name exist
-      if (*arg == "IS_DIRECTORY" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("IS_DIRECTORY", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory((argP1)->c_str()),
+          cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory(argP1->c_str()),
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // does a symlink with this name exist
-      if (*arg == "IS_SYMLINK" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("IS_SYMLINK", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          cmSystemTools::FileIsSymlink((argP1)->c_str()),
+          cmSystemTools::FileIsSymlink(argP1->c_str()),
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // is the given path an absolute path ?
-      if (*arg == "IS_ABSOLUTE" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("IS_ABSOLUTE", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath((argP1)->c_str()),
+          cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(argP1->c_str()),
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // does a command exist
-      if (*arg == "COMMAND" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("COMMAND", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          this->Makefile.CommandExists((argP1)->c_str()),
+          this->Makefile.CommandExists(argP1->c_str()),
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // does a policy exist
-      if (*arg == "POLICY" && argP1 != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("POLICY", *arg) && argP1 != newArgs.end())
         {
         cmPolicies::PolicyID pid;
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          this->Makefile.GetPolicies()->GetPolicyID((argP1)->c_str(), pid),
-          reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
+          this->Makefile.GetPolicies()->GetPolicyID(
+            argP1->c_str(), pid),
+            reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // does a target exist
-      if (*arg == "TARGET" && argP1 != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("TARGET", *arg) && argP1 != newArgs.end())
         {
         this->HandlePredicate(
-          this->Makefile.FindTargetToUse(*argP1)?true:false,
+          this->Makefile.FindTargetToUse(argP1->GetValue())?true:false,
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
       // is a variable defined
-      if (*arg == "DEFINED" && argP1  != newArgs.end())
+      if (this->IsKeyword("DEFINED", *arg) && argP1  != newArgs.end())
         {
-        size_t argP1len = argP1->size();
+        size_t argP1len = argP1->GetValue().size();
         bool bdef = false;
-        if(argP1len > 4 && argP1->substr(0, 4) == "ENV{" &&
-           argP1->operator[](argP1len-1) == '}')
+        if(argP1len > 4 && argP1->GetValue().substr(0, 4) == "ENV{" &&
+           argP1->GetValue().operator[](argP1len-1) == '}')
           {
-          std::string env = argP1->substr(4, argP1len-5);
+          std::string env = argP1->GetValue().substr(4, argP1len-5);
           bdef = cmSystemTools::GetEnv(env.c_str())?true:false;
           }
         else
           {
-          bdef = this->Makefile.IsDefinitionSet(*(argP1));
+          bdef = this->Makefile.IsDefinitionSet(argP1->GetValue());
           }
         this->HandlePredicate(bdef, reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
@@ -467,18 +543,18 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
   do
     {
     reducible = 0;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP1;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP2;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP1;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP2;
     while (arg != newArgs.end())
       {
       argP1 = arg;
       this->IncrementArguments(newArgs,argP1,argP2);
       if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && argP2 != newArgs.end() &&
-        *(argP1) == "MATCHES")
+        IsKeyword("MATCHES", *argP1))
         {
         def = this->GetVariableOrString(*arg);
-        const char* rex = (argP2)->c_str();
+        const char* rex = argP2->c_str();
         this->Makefile.ClearMatches();
         cmsys::RegularExpression regEntry;
         if ( !regEntry.compile(rex) )
@@ -492,11 +568,11 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
         if (regEntry.find(def))
           {
           this->Makefile.StoreMatches(regEntry);
-          *arg = "1";
+          *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("1", true);
           }
         else
           {
-          *arg = "0";
+          *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("0", true);
           }
         newArgs.erase(argP2);
         newArgs.erase(argP1);
@@ -505,9 +581,9 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
         reducible = 1;
         }
 
-      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && *arg == "MATCHES")
+      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && this->IsKeyword("MATCHES", *arg))
         {
-        *arg = "0";
+        *arg = cmExpandedCommandArgument("0", true);
         newArgs.erase(argP1);
         argP1 = arg;
         this->IncrementArguments(newArgs,argP1,argP2);
@@ -515,8 +591,9 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
         }
 
       if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && argP2 != newArgs.end() &&
-        (*(argP1) == "LESS" || *(argP1) == "GREATER" ||
-         *(argP1) == "EQUAL"))
+        (this->IsKeyword("LESS", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("GREATER", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("EQUAL", *argP1)))
         {
         def = this->GetVariableOrString(*arg);
         def2 = this->GetVariableOrString(*argP2);
@@ -540,14 +617,14 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
           {
           result = (lhs == rhs);
           }
-        HandleBinaryOp(result,
+        this->HandleBinaryOp(result,
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
 
       if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && argP2 != newArgs.end() &&
-        (*(argP1) == "STRLESS" ||
-         *(argP1) == "STREQUAL" ||
-         *(argP1) == "STRGREATER"))
+        (this->IsKeyword("STRLESS", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("STREQUAL", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("STRGREATER", *argP1)))
         {
         def = this->GetVariableOrString(*arg);
         def2 = this->GetVariableOrString(*argP2);
@@ -570,8 +647,9 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
         }
 
       if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && argP2 != newArgs.end() &&
-        (*(argP1) == "VERSION_LESS" || *(argP1) == "VERSION_GREATER" ||
-         *(argP1) == "VERSION_EQUAL"))
+        (this->IsKeyword("VERSION_LESS", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("VERSION_GREATER", *argP1) ||
+         this->IsKeyword("VERSION_EQUAL", *argP1)))
         {
         def = this->GetVariableOrString(*arg);
         def2 = this->GetVariableOrString(*argP2);
@@ -591,11 +669,11 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel2(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
 
       // is file A newer than file B
       if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && argP2 != newArgs.end() &&
-          *(argP1) == "IS_NEWER_THAN")
+          this->IsKeyword("IS_NEWER_THAN", *argP1))
         {
         int fileIsNewer=0;
-        bool success=cmSystemTools::FileTimeCompare(arg->c_str(),
-            (argP2)->c_str(),
+        bool success=cmSystemTools::FileTimeCompare(arg->GetValue(),
+            (argP2)->GetValue(),
             &fileIsNewer);
         this->HandleBinaryOp(
           (success==false || fileIsNewer==1 || fileIsNewer==0),
@@ -619,14 +697,14 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel3(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
   do
     {
     reducible = 0;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP1;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP2;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP1;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP2;
     while (arg != newArgs.end())
       {
       argP1 = arg;
       IncrementArguments(newArgs,argP1,argP2);
-      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && *arg == "NOT")
+      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && IsKeyword("NOT", *arg))
         {
         bool rhs = this->GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(*argP1,
                                                       errorString,
@@ -652,14 +730,14 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel4(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
   do
     {
     reducible = 0;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP1;
-    std::list<std::string>::iterator argP2;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator arg = newArgs.begin();
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP1;
+    cmArgumentList::iterator argP2;
     while (arg != newArgs.end())
       {
       argP1 = arg;
       IncrementArguments(newArgs,argP1,argP2);
-      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && *(argP1) == "AND" &&
+      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && IsKeyword("AND", *argP1) &&
         argP2 != newArgs.end())
         {
         lhs = this->GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(*arg,
@@ -672,7 +750,7 @@ bool cmConditionEvaluator::HandleLevel4(cmArgumentList &newArgs,
           reducible, arg, newArgs, argP1, argP2);
         }
 
-      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && *(argP1) == "OR" &&
+      if (argP1 != newArgs.end() && this->IsKeyword("OR", *argP1) &&
         argP2 != newArgs.end())
         {
         lhs = this->GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(*arg,
diff --git a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.h b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.h
index 9076988e5..01624f92c 100644
--- a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.h
+++ b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.h
@@ -13,36 +13,41 @@
 #define cmConditionEvaluator_h
 
 #include "cmCommand.h"
+#include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.h"
 
 class cmConditionEvaluator
 {
 public:
-  typedef std::list<std::string> cmArgumentList;
+  typedef std::list<cmExpandedCommandArgument> cmArgumentList;
 
   cmConditionEvaluator(cmMakefile& makefile);
 
   // this is a shared function for both If and Else to determine if the
   // arguments were valid, and if so, was the response true. If there is
   // an error, the errorString will be set.
-  bool IsTrue(const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+  bool IsTrue(const std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> &args,
       std::string &errorString,
       cmake::MessageType &status);
 
 private:
+  // Filter the given variable definition based on policy CMP0054.
+  const char* GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(
+      const cmExpandedCommandArgument& argument) const;
+
   const char* GetVariableOrString(
-      const std::string& argument) const;
+      const cmExpandedCommandArgument& argument) const;
 
   bool IsKeyword(std::string const& keyword,
-    std::string& argument) const;
+    cmExpandedCommandArgument& argument) const;
 
   bool GetBooleanValue(
-    std::string& arg) const;
+    cmExpandedCommandArgument& arg) const;
 
   bool GetBooleanValueOld(
-    std::string const& arg, bool one) const;
+    cmExpandedCommandArgument const& arg, bool one) const;
 
   bool GetBooleanValueWithAutoDereference(
-    std::string &newArg,
+    cmExpandedCommandArgument &newArg,
     std::string &errorString,
     cmake::MessageType &status,
     bool oneArg = false) const;
@@ -85,6 +90,7 @@ private:
 
   cmMakefile& Makefile;
   cmPolicies::PolicyStatus Policy12Status;
+  cmPolicies::PolicyStatus Policy54Status;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.cxx b/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4477cf5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*============================================================================
+  CMake - Cross Platform Makefile Generator
+  Copyright 2014 Kitware, Inc., Insight Software Consortium
+
+  Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD License (the "License");
+  see accompanying file Copyright.txt for details.
+
+  This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
+  implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+  See the License for more information.
+============================================================================*/
+
+#include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.h"
+
+cmExpandedCommandArgument::cmExpandedCommandArgument():
+  Quoted(false)
+{
+
+}
+
+cmExpandedCommandArgument::cmExpandedCommandArgument(
+  std::string const& value, bool quoted):
+    Value(value), Quoted(quoted)
+{
+
+}
+
+std::string const& cmExpandedCommandArgument::GetValue() const
+{
+  return this->Value;
+}
+
+bool cmExpandedCommandArgument::WasQuoted() const
+{
+  return this->Quoted;
+}
+
+bool cmExpandedCommandArgument::operator== (std::string const& value) const
+{
+  return this->Value == value;
+}
+
+bool cmExpandedCommandArgument::empty() const
+{
+  return this->Value.empty();
+}
+
+const char* cmExpandedCommandArgument::c_str() const
+{
+  return this->Value.c_str();
+}
diff --git a/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.h b/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4e151704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmExpandedCommandArgument.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*============================================================================
+  CMake - Cross Platform Makefile Generator
+  Copyright 2014 Kitware, Inc., Insight Software Consortium
+
+  Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD License (the "License");
+  see accompanying file Copyright.txt for details.
+
+  This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
+  implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+  See the License for more information.
+============================================================================*/
+#ifndef cmExpandedCommandArgument_h
+#define cmExpandedCommandArgument_h
+
+#include "cmStandardIncludes.h"
+
+/** \class cmExpandedCommandArgument
+ * \brief Represents an expanded command argument
+ *
+ * cmCommandArgument stores a string representing an expanded
+ * command argument and context information.
+ */
+
+class cmExpandedCommandArgument
+{
+public:
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument();
+  cmExpandedCommandArgument(std::string const& value, bool quoted);
+
+  std::string const& GetValue() const;
+
+  bool WasQuoted() const;
+
+  bool operator== (std::string const& value) const;
+
+  bool empty() const;
+
+  const char* c_str() const;
+
+private:
+  std::string Value;
+  bool Quoted;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx b/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
index 25ee25a04..f728c15e3 100644
--- a/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@
 
 
 static std::string cmIfCommandError(
-  cmMakefile* mf, std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+  cmMakefile* mf, std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> const& args)
 {
   cmLocalGenerator* lg = mf->GetLocalGenerator();
   std::string err = "given arguments:\n ";
-  for(std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator i = args.begin();
+  for(std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument>::const_iterator i = args.begin();
       i != args.end(); ++i)
     {
     err += " ";
-    err += lg->EscapeForCMake(*i);
+    err += lg->EscapeForCMake(i->GetValue());
     }
   err += "\n";
   return err;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
 
             std::string errorString;
 
-            std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+            std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
             mf.ExpandArguments(this->Functions[c].Arguments,
                                expandedArguments);
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ bool cmIfCommand
 {
   std::string errorString;
 
-  std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+  std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
   this->Makefile->ExpandArguments(args, expandedArguments);
 
   cmake::MessageType status;
diff --git a/Source/cmIfCommand.h b/Source/cmIfCommand.h
index ea2a68fcb..689efce65 100644
--- a/Source/cmIfCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmIfCommand.h
@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ public:
    */
   virtual bool IsScriptable() const { return true; }
 
+  // Filter the given variable definition based on policy CMP0054.
+  static const char* GetDefinitionIfUnquoted(
+    const cmMakefile* mf, cmExpandedCommandArgument const& argument);
+
   cmTypeMacro(cmIfCommand, cmCommand);
 };
 
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefile.cxx b/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
index 04b2d2786..3017d154f 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
@@ -3292,6 +3292,7 @@ void cmMakefile::PopFunctionBlockerBarrier(bool reportError)
   this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.pop_back();
 }
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 bool cmMakefile::ExpandArguments(
   std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& inArgs,
   std::vector<std::string>& outArgs) const
@@ -3327,6 +3328,47 @@ bool cmMakefile::ExpandArguments(
   return !cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured();
 }
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bool cmMakefile::ExpandArguments(
+  std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& inArgs,
+  std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument>& outArgs) const
+{
+  std::vector<cmListFileArgument>::const_iterator i;
+  std::string value;
+  outArgs.reserve(inArgs.size());
+  for(i = inArgs.begin(); i != inArgs.end(); ++i)
+    {
+    // No expansion in a bracket argument.
+    if(i->Delim == cmListFileArgument::Bracket)
+      {
+      outArgs.push_back(cmExpandedCommandArgument(i->Value, true));
+      continue;
+      }
+    // Expand the variables in the argument.
+    value = i->Value;
+    this->ExpandVariablesInString(value, false, false, false,
+                                  i->FilePath, i->Line,
+                                  false, false);
+
+    // If the argument is quoted, it should be one argument.
+    // Otherwise, it may be a list of arguments.
+    if(i->Delim == cmListFileArgument::Quoted)
+      {
+      outArgs.push_back(cmExpandedCommandArgument(value, true));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      std::vector<std::string> stringArgs;
+      cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(value, stringArgs);
+      for(size_t j = 0; j < stringArgs.size(); ++j)
+        {
+        outArgs.push_back(cmExpandedCommandArgument(stringArgs[j], false));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  return !cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured();
+}
+
 //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void cmMakefile::AddFunctionBlocker(cmFunctionBlocker* fb)
 {
@@ -4938,12 +4980,14 @@ void cmMakefile::PopPolicyBarrier(bool reportError)
   this->PolicyBarriers.pop_back();
 }
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 bool cmMakefile::SetPolicyVersion(const char *version)
 {
   return this->GetCMakeInstance()->GetPolicies()->
     ApplyPolicyVersion(this,version);
 }
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 cmPolicies *cmMakefile::GetPolicies() const
 {
   if (!this->GetCMakeInstance())
@@ -4953,6 +4997,23 @@ cmPolicies *cmMakefile::GetPolicies() const
   return this->GetCMakeInstance()->GetPolicies();
 }
 
+//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bool cmMakefile::HasCMP0054AlreadyBeenReported(
+  cmListFileContext context) const
+{
+  cmCMP0054Id id(context);
+
+  bool alreadyReported =
+    this->CMP0054ReportedIds.find(id) != this->CMP0054ReportedIds.end();
+
+  if(!alreadyReported)
+    {
+    this->CMP0054ReportedIds.insert(id);
+    }
+
+  return alreadyReported;
+}
+
 //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void cmMakefile::RecordPolicies(cmPolicies::PolicyMap& pm)
 {
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefile.h b/Source/cmMakefile.h
index d728a62a2..164290aa9 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefile.h
+++ b/Source/cmMakefile.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmNewLineStyle.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
+#include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
 #if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
@@ -375,7 +376,35 @@ public:
   /**
     * Get the Policies Instance
     */
- cmPolicies *GetPolicies() const;
+  cmPolicies *GetPolicies() const;
+
+  struct cmCMP0054Id
+  {
+    cmCMP0054Id(cmListFileContext const& context):
+        Context(context)
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    bool operator< (cmCMP0054Id const& id) const
+    {
+      if(this->Context.FilePath != id.Context.FilePath)
+        return this->Context.FilePath < id.Context.FilePath;
+
+      return this->Context.Line < id.Context.Line;
+    }
+
+    cmListFileContext Context;
+  };
+
+  mutable std::set<cmCMP0054Id> CMP0054ReportedIds;
+
+  /**
+   * Determine if the given context, name pair has already been reported
+   * in context of CMP0054.
+   */
+  bool HasCMP0054AlreadyBeenReported(
+    cmListFileContext context) const;
 
   /**
    * Add an auxiliary directory to the build.
@@ -770,6 +799,10 @@ public:
    */
   bool ExpandArguments(std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& inArgs,
                        std::vector<std::string>& outArgs) const;
+
+  bool ExpandArguments(std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& inArgs,
+                       std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument>& outArgs) const;
+
   /**
    * Get the instance
    */
diff --git a/Source/cmPolicies.cxx b/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
index 693945d97..a420f5958 100644
--- a/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
@@ -359,6 +359,11 @@ cmPolicies::cmPolicies()
     CMP0053, "CMP0053",
     "Simplify variable reference and escape sequence evaluation.",
     3,1,0, cmPolicies::WARN);
+
+  this->DefinePolicy(
+    CMP0054, "CMP0054",
+    "Only interpret if() arguments as variables or keywords when unquoted.",
+    3,1,0, cmPolicies::WARN);
 }
 
 cmPolicies::~cmPolicies()
diff --git a/Source/cmPolicies.h b/Source/cmPolicies.h
index 5d69d14c2..7c73da82b 100644
--- a/Source/cmPolicies.h
+++ b/Source/cmPolicies.h
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ public:
     /// INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
 
     CMP0053, ///< Simplify variable reference and escape sequence evaluation
+    CMP0054, ///< Only interpret if() arguments as variables
+    /// or keywords when unquoted.
 
     /** \brief Always the last entry.
      *
diff --git a/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx b/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
index 5565b8a05..851c4cb20 100644
--- a/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile &mf,
 
       std::string errorString;
 
-      std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+      std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
       mf.ExpandArguments(this->Args, expandedArguments);
       cmake::MessageType messageType;
 
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23a912476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-NEW.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+set(FOO "BAR")
+set(BAZ "ZZZ")
+set(MYTRUE ON)
+set(MYNUMBER 3)
+set(MYVERSION 3.0)
+
+function(assert_unquoted PREFIX FIRST)
+  string(REPLACE ";" " " ARGN_SP "${ARGN}")
+  if(${PREFIX} ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Assertion failed [${PREFIX} ${FIRST} ${ARGN_SP}]")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+function(assert_quoted PREFIX FIRST)
+  string(REPLACE ";" " " ARGN_SP "${ARGN}")
+  if(${PREFIX} "${FIRST}" ${ARGN})
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Assertion failed [${PREFIX} \"${FIRST}\" ${ARGN_SP}]")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+function(assert FIRST)
+  assert_unquoted(NOT ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+  assert_quoted("" ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+assert(MYTRUE)
+
+assert(FOO MATCHES "^BAR$")
+
+assert(MYNUMBER LESS 4)
+assert(MYNUMBER GREATER 2)
+assert(MYNUMBER EQUAL 3)
+
+assert(FOO STRLESS CCC)
+assert(BAZ STRGREATER CCC)
+assert(FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+
+assert_unquoted(NOT MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
+assert_unquoted("" MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 2.9)
+
+assert_quoted(NOT MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 2.9)
+assert_quoted(NOT MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
+
+assert(MYVERSION VERSION_GREATER 2.9)
+assert(MYVERSION VERSION_EQUAL 3.0)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c4cede6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-OLD.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+set(FOO "BAR")
+set(BAZ "ZZZ")
+set(MYTRUE ON)
+set(MYNUMBER 3)
+set(MYVERSION 3.0)
+
+function(assert_unquoted PREFIX FIRST)
+  string(REPLACE ";" " " ARGN_SP "${ARGN}")
+  if(${PREFIX} ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Assertion failed [${PREFIX} ${FIRST} ${ARGN_SP}]")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+function(assert_quoted PREFIX FIRST)
+  string(REPLACE ";" " " ARGN_SP "${ARGN}")
+  if(${PREFIX} "${FIRST}" ${ARGN})
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Assertion failed [${PREFIX} \"${FIRST}\" ${ARGN_SP}]")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+function(assert FIRST)
+  assert_unquoted(NOT ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+  assert_quoted(NOT ${FIRST} ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+assert(MYTRUE)
+
+assert(FOO MATCHES "^BAR$")
+
+assert(MYNUMBER LESS 4)
+assert(MYNUMBER GREATER 2)
+assert(MYNUMBER EQUAL 3)
+
+assert(FOO STRLESS CCC)
+assert(BAZ STRGREATER CCC)
+assert(FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+
+assert_unquoted(NOT MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
+assert_unquoted("" MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 2.9)
+
+assert_quoted("" MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 2.9)
+assert_quoted(NOT MYVERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
+
+assert(MYVERSION VERSION_GREATER 2.9)
+assert(MYVERSION VERSION_EQUAL 3.0)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d875ae1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CMake Warning \(dev\) at CMP0054-WARN.cmake:3 \(if\):
+  Policy CMP0054 is not set: Only interpret if\(\) arguments as variables or
+  keywords when unquoted.  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0054" for policy
+  details.  Use the cmake_policy command to set the policy and suppress this
+  warning.
+
+  Quoted variables like "FOO" will no longer be dereferenced when the policy
+  is set to NEW.  Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior will be used.
+Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
+  CMakeLists.txt:3 \(include\)
+This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37855fc26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-WARN.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(FOO "BAR")
+
+if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL "BAR")
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The given literals should match")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..485db527d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+CMake Warning \(dev\) at CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake:4 \(if\):
+  Policy CMP0054 is not set: Only interpret if\(\) arguments as variables or
+  keywords when unquoted.  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0054" for policy
+  details.  Use the cmake_policy command to set the policy and suppress this
+  warning.
+
+  Quoted variables like "FOO" will no longer be dereferenced when the policy
+  is set to NEW.  Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior will be used.
+Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
+  CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake:8 \(generate_warning\)
+  CMakeLists.txt:3 \(include\)
+This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.
+
+CMake Warning \(dev\) at CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake:11 \(if\):
+  Policy CMP0054 is not set: Only interpret if\(\) arguments as variables or
+  keywords when unquoted.  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0054" for policy
+  details.  Use the cmake_policy command to set the policy and suppress this
+  warning.
+
+  Quoted variables like "FOO" will no longer be dereferenced when the policy
+  is set to NEW.  Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior will be used.
+Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
+  CMakeLists.txt:3 \(include\)
+This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04fbe14e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-duplicate-warnings.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+set(FOO "BAR")
+
+function(generate_warning)
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL "BAR")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+generate_warning()
+generate_warning()
+
+if("FOO" STREQUAL "BAR")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-result.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-result.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d00491fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-result.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f44468449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+CMake Error at CMP0054-keywords-NEW.cmake:23 \(if\):
+  if given arguments:
+
+    "NOT" "1"
+
+  Unknown arguments specified
+Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
+  CMakeLists.txt:3 \(include\)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b957658b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-NEW.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+function(assert KEYWORD)
+  if("${KEYWORD}" STREQUAL "${KEYWORD}")
+  else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR
+      "Assertion failed [\"${KEYWORD}\" STREQUAL \"${KEYWORD}\"]")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+assert("NOT")
+assert("COMMAND")
+assert("POLICY")
+assert("TARGET")
+assert("EXISTS")
+assert("IS_DIRECTORY")
+assert("IS_SYMLINK")
+assert("IS_ABSOLUTE")
+assert("DEFINED")
+assert("(")
+assert(")")
+
+if("NOT" 1)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "[\"NOT\" 1] evaluated true")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2a7f5183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-OLD.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+if(NOT 1)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "[NOT 1] evaluated true")
+endif()
+
+if("NOT" 1)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "[\"NOT\" 1] evaluated true")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1ebd49de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+CMake Warning \(dev\) at CMP0054-keywords-WARN.cmake:1 \(if\):
+  Policy CMP0054 is not set: Only interpret if\(\) arguments as variables or
+  keywords when unquoted.  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0054" for policy
+  details.  Use the cmake_policy command to set the policy and suppress this
+  warning.
+
+  Quoted keywords like "NOT" will no longer be interpreted as keywords when
+  the policy is set to NEW.  Since the policy is not set the OLD behavior
+  will be used.
+Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
+  CMakeLists.txt:3 \(include\)
+This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee0a62315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-keywords-WARN.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+if("NOT" 1)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "[\"NOT\" 1] evaluated true")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6b243caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-command-scope.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+set(FOO BAR)
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+function(function_defined_new_called_old)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+macro(macro_defined_new_called_old)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+endmacro()
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+function_defined_new_called_old()
+macro_defined_new_called_old()
+
+function(function_defined_old_called_new)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+macro(macro_defined_old_called_new)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+endmacro()
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+function_defined_old_called_new()
+macro_defined_old_called_new()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87c968a06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+set(FOO BAR)
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+foreach(loop_var arg1 arg2)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+endforeach()
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+foreach(loop_var arg1 arg2)
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+endforeach()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd7434d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-nested-if.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+set(FOO BAR)
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+endif()
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope-stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5a8fbe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope-stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$^
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b22778b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMP0054-policy-while-scope.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+set(FOO BAR)
+
+set(LOOP_VAR "")
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+while(NOT LOOP_VAR STREQUAL "xx")
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+  set(LOOP_VAR "${LOOP_VAR}x")
+endwhile()
+
+while("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+endwhile()
+
+set(LOOP_VAR "")
+
+cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+while(NOT LOOP_VAR STREQUAL "xx")
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 NEW)
+
+  if(NOT FOO STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The variable should match the string")
+  endif()
+
+  if("FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "The strings should not match")
+  endif()
+
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0054 OLD)
+
+  set(LOOP_VAR "${LOOP_VAR}x")
+endwhile()
+
+if(NOT "FOO" STREQUAL BAR)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "The quoted variable should match the string")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..289710955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
+project(${RunCMake_TEST} NONE)
+include(${RunCMake_TEST}.cmake)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/RunCMakeTest.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/RunCMakeTest.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f2fb765d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMP0054/RunCMakeTest.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+include(RunCMake)
+
+run_cmake(CMP0054-OLD)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-NEW)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-WARN)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-keywords-NEW)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-keywords-OLD)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-keywords-WARN)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-duplicate-warnings)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-policy-command-scope)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-policy-foreach-scope)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-policy-while-scope)
+run_cmake(CMP0054-policy-nested-if)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/CMakeLists.txt
index 3cd9947c1..8f09c5f1c 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ add_RunCMake_test(CMP0049)
 add_RunCMake_test(CMP0050)
 add_RunCMake_test(CMP0051)
 add_RunCMake_test(CMP0053)
+add_RunCMake_test(CMP0054)
 add_RunCMake_test(CTest)
 if(UNIX AND "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" MATCHES "Unix Makefiles")
   add_RunCMake_test(CompilerChange)